Cocopest - Information portal for major pests and diseases of coconut
Cocopest - Information portal for major pests and diseases of coconut
Cocopest - Information portal for major pests and diseases of coconut
 
 
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Rhynchophorus phoenicis (African palm weevil)
Image
 
Adult of Rhynchophorus phoenicis in habit (source: Dimaoleksii/via Wikimedia Commons - CC BY 4.0, CABI ISC)
General information
 
R. phoenicis occurs on a range of wild and cultivated palm trees (Palmae), mainly oil and coconut palms (Hill, 1983). Adult R. phoenicis occur year-round in tropical Africa where palms are present. The common breeding sites include stressed, wounded, dying and fallen palms. Adult R. phoenicis are good fliers and in immature stages the pest can be dispersed within infested palm tissue.
Symptoms
 
External

  • Yellowing of foliage
  • Destruction of emerging leaves
  • Necrosis on flowers

Internal

  • Mining of the trunks and leaf stems
  • Plant tissue becomes necrotic and decays
  • Unpleasant and characteristic odour produced

Larvae of R. phoenicis (source: Lautenschläger T, Neinhuis C, Monizi M, Mandombe JL, Förster A, Henle T, Nuss M (2017), CABI ISC)

Detection and Inspection
 
  • Leaves of infested palms become yellow and flowers become necrotic
  • Observe for galleries and damage to leaf-stems can be identified in heavy infestations
  • Pupae and old larvae are frequently found when inspecting the crowns of infested palms
  • The tissues of infested plants become foul, producing a strong and characteristic odour
 
Taxonomic information
 
Category - Insect
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Arthropoda
Class - Insecta
Order - Coleoptera
Family - Curculionidae
Genus - Rhynchophorus
Species - phoenicis
Names
 
Common Name - African palm weevil
Scientific Name - Rhynchophorus phoenicis
Distribution
 
R. phoenicis is restricted to tropical Africa.
Prevention and Control
 
Cultural Control and Sanitary Methods

This is the primary means of control

  • Adult R. phoenicis are attracted to the odour of feeding sites and to damaged palms, in which they lay their eggs. Hence, avoiding wounds during agronomic practices is crucial
  • Traps made from thinned or wild palms which are felled divert weevils away from cultivated palms
  • A number of chemical compounds stimulated strong antennal responses of the weevils, including ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, isobutyl propionate, ethyl butyrate, and ethyl isobutyrate. These volatiles are all characteristic of fermenting oil and coconut palm trees
Chemical Control
  • Carbaryl or similar insecticides can be injected into infested feeding galleries or into the trunk above infested regions (Hill, 1983).
Pheromonal Control
  • A male-specific aggregation pheromone has been identified in R. phoenicis. Trapping studies in Côte d'Ivoire have demonstrated that synthetic blends of this aggregation pheromone are highly attractive in the field).
  • The synthetic aggregate pheromone, 3-methyl-4-octanol (phoenicol) is suitable as attractant. R. phoenicis produces and responds to only one of the four possible stereoisomers of 3-methyl-4-octanol (Gries et al., 1993; Rochat et al., 1993; 1995; Perez et al., 1994).
Plant Parts Affected
 
Leaves, Flower
References
 
  1. Anon., 1990. Hypothesizing about palm weevil and palm rhinoceros beetle larvae as traditional cuisine, tropical waste recycling, and pest and disease control on coconut and other palms... can they be integrated? The Food Insects Newsletter, 3(2):1-4
  2. EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
  3. Esteban-Durßn J; Yela JL; Beitia-Crespo F; JimTnez-ßlvarez A, 1998. Exotic curculionids susceptible to being introduced into Spain and other countries of the European Union through imported vegetables (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhynchophorinae). Boleti^acute~n de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas, 24(1):23-40; 26 ref.
  4. Fasoranti JO; Ajiboye DO, 1993. Some edible insects of Kwara State, Nigeria. American Entomologist, 39(2):113-116
  5. Gries G; Gries R; Perez AL; Gonzales LM; Pierce HD Jr; Oehlschlager AC; Rhainds M; Zebeyou M; Kouame B, 1994. Ethyl propionate: synergistic kairomone for African palm weevil, Rhynchophorus phoenicis L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 20(4):889-897.
  6. Gries G; Gries R; Perez AL; Oehlschlager AC; Gonzales LM; Pierce HD Jr; Kouda-Bonafos M; Zebeyou M; Nanou N, 1993. Aggregation pheromone of the African palm weevil, Rhynchophorus phoenicis F. Naturwissenschaften, 80(2):90-91
  7. Hill DS, 1983. Agricultural Insect Pests of the Tropics and their Control. 2nd edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  8. Nickle WR, 1970. A taxonomic review of the genera Aphelenchoidea (Fuchs, 1937) Thorne, 1949 (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Journal of Nematology, 2(4):375-392.
  9. O'Brien CW; Wibmer GJ, 1986. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of South America (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute No. 39. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA: American Entomological Institute.
  10. Oliviera JFS; Passos de Carvalho SJ; Bruno de Sousa RFX and Magdalena Sinao M, 1976. The nutritional value of four species of insects consumed in Angola. Ecology and Food Nutrition, 5:91-97.
  11. Perez AL; Gries G; Gries R; Giblin-Davis RM; Oehlschlager AC, 1994. Pheromone chirality of African palm weevil, Rhynchophorus phoenicis (F.) and palmetto weevil, Rhynchophorus cruentatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 20(10):2653-2671
  12. Rochat D; Akamou F; Sangare A; Mariau D; Mori K, 1995. Field trapping of Rhynchophorus phoenicis using stereoisomers of the aggregation pheromone. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie III, Sciences de la Vie, 318(2):183-190
  13. Rochat D; Descoins C; Malosse C; Nagnan P; Zagatti P; Akamou F; Mariau D, 1993. Chemical ecology of palm weevils, Rhynchophorus spp. (Coleoptera). Oleagineux (Paris), 48(5):225-236
  14. Wattanapongsiri A, 1966. A revision of the Genera Rhynchophorus and Dynamis. Department of Agricultural Science Bulletin. Bangkok, Thailand.
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